with the beginning of time. Some Reformed thinkers have also regarded providence as continuous creation.3 More recent thinkers have found this view attractive, perhaps in part because it doesn’t require the effort to locate creation in calendar time or to reconcile it with modern science.4 I do not doubt, of course, that the world depends on God for every moment of its existence. But I prefer to discuss that point under the headings of metaphysical preservation and concurrence, as I did in the previous